甜菜种子活力的测定——基于近红外高光谱技术

为保证田间甜菜种子的出苗率和生产潜力,需要在种植前对种子进行活力检测,挑选出活力高的甜菜种子进行推广种植。利用高温处理法对甜菜种子进行老化处理,再基于标准正态变换(SNV)、去趋势校正(DET)、Savitzky-Golay平滑处理(SG)、一阶差分(1D)和二阶差分(2D)5种近红外高光谱预处理方法,构建种子活力智能检测模型得出预测的种子发芽率,再利用老化处理后的甜菜种子进行发芽实验得出实际的发芽率。研究发现,甜菜种子经过一阶差分预处理建立的智能检测模型预测性能最好,其预测准确率达到91.92%。将未处理的甜菜种子的实际发芽率与一阶差分预处理法建立的智能模型预测结果进行对比,发现模型的预测准确率为88.2%。近红外高光谱技术是一种快速、无损的作物种子活力测定的新方法。     

活性生物增产降解剂在西瓜穴盘育苗中的应用效果

为研究新型活性生物增产降解剂在西瓜穴盘育苗中的应用效果,设计了浸种试验和不同浓度苗期喷施效果试验,以清水为对照,对比分析了幼苗的生长状况。结果表明:在浸种试验中,试剂处理第4天平均发芽率(88.05%)显著高于对照组(78.15%),试剂处理第7天平均发芽率(90.63%)也高于对照组(88.01%)。在不同浓度苗期喷施效果试验中,通过壮苗性状对比,显示活性生物增产降解剂与清水质量比例为1∶100时,西瓜穴盘苗在茎粗及根系方面都表现最好。     

年龄、温度、膘情对伊犁马卵泡发育的影响

【目的】 研究新疆昭苏地区伊犁马发情周期内卵泡发育变化规律,分析年龄、温度、膘情对伊犁马母马卵泡发育的影响,为掌握伊犁马母马卵泡发育规律提供理论依据。【方法】 选取伊犁哈萨克自治州昭苏县康苏马业配种站内,同一草场放牧情况下84匹母马作为研究对象监测发情期内卵泡发育,分析对比不同年龄、温度、膘情对伊犁马卵泡发育时长的差异性。【结果】 年龄Ⅱ组TF3-F5显著高于年龄Ⅲ组(P＜0.05)。年龄Ⅱ组TF4-5显著高于年龄Ⅲ组(P＜0.05)。平均高温对TF1-F2具有显著影响(P＜0.05),平均高温Ⅰ组TF1-F2显著高于平均高温Ⅱ组(P＜0.05)。平均低温对TF1-F2具有极显著影响(P＜0.01),平均低温Ⅰ组TF1-F2极显著高于平均低温Ⅱ组(P＜0.01)。积温对TF1-F2具有显著影响(P＜0.05),积温Ⅱ组TF1-F2极显著高于积温Ⅰ组(P＜0.01)。膘情对TF1-F2、TF3-F4、TF1-F5、TF2-F5、TF3-F5均具有极显著影响(P＜0.01),对TF2-F3具有显著影响(P＜0.05)。膘情Ⅰ组TF1-F2极显著高于膘情Ⅲ组(P＜0.01)。膘情Ⅰ组TF2-F3显著高于膘情Ⅲ组(P＜0.05)。膘情Ⅲ组TF3-F4极显著低于膘情Ⅰ组(P＜0.01),膘情Ⅲ组TF3-F4显著低于膘情Ⅰ组、膘情Ⅱ组(P＜0.05)。膘情Ⅰ组TF1-F5极显著高于膘情Ⅱ组、膘情Ⅲ组(P＜0.01),膘情Ⅱ组TF1-F5显著高于膘情Ⅲ组(P＜0.05)。膘情Ⅰ组TF2-F5极显著高于第Ⅲ组(P＜0.01),膘情Ⅰ组TF2-F5显著高于膘情Ⅱ组、膘情Ⅲ组(P＜0.05)。【结论】 年龄、温度、膘情均一定程度的影响伊犁马母马的卵泡发育,其中膘情对卵泡发育有极显著影响,体况较差可抑制母马卵泡发育。     

棉花苗期根腐类病害生防细菌的筛选与鉴定

【目的】从新疆棉田中筛选对棉花苗期根腐类病害具有较强拮抗作用的生防细菌,为棉花苗期根腐类病害生物防治奠定基础。【方法】采用平板对峙法,测定实验室保存的多株生防细菌的抑菌能力,通过田间试验,验证其防治棉花苗期根腐类病害的效果。对生防细菌的16S rDNA基因序列与gyrA基因序列分别测序,通过BLAST在线比对,利用MEGA 7.0构建系统发育树,确定该生防菌株的分类地位。【结果】生防细菌TWt34、HWt34对棉花苗期根腐类病害(立枯病和红腐病)防治效果分别为76.74%和78.43%;在平板对峙对立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani) 和拟轮枝镰孢霉(Fusarium verticilliodes)的抑菌宽度分别为8.29和6.60 mm,具有较强拮抗作用,对尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)和大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)的抑菌宽度分别为7.70 和13.15 mm,也具有明显抑制作用。16S rDNA与gyrA基因序列鉴定表明生防菌菌株TWt34、HWt34同属于莫海威芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mojavensis)。【结论】筛选出的2株莫海威芽孢杆菌TWt34、HWt34对棉花4种主要病害的病原菌具有较强的抑制作用,能够有效防治2种棉花苗期根腐类病害(立枯病和红腐病)。     

不同覆盖方式对旱作马铃薯生长及土壤水热特征的影响

【目的】探讨不同覆盖方式对西北旱作区农田土壤水热和马铃薯生长的影响。【方法】2015—2016年连续2年设置沟垄地膜全覆盖（DD）、沟垄地膜半覆盖（DB）和沟垄二元覆盖（DJ）3种覆盖方式大田试验,以平作不覆盖为对照（CK）,研究不同覆盖方式下土壤水温变异特征及对马铃薯生长及块茎形成的影响。【结果】覆盖处理全生育期0—200 cm土层土壤含水量均高于CK,DJ处理在播后70—90 d土壤保水效果最佳。覆盖能降低0—200 cm土层土壤水分变异系数,以DJ处理的土壤水分垂直稳定性最强。与CK相比,DD处理在播后30—50 d的0—15 cm土层土壤增温效果显著,而DJ处理在全生育期0—25 cm土层土壤温度表现“降温和增温双重效应”。各覆盖处理能降低0—25 cm土层土壤温度变异系数,以DJ处理最小,其土壤温度垂直稳定性最强。覆盖能提高马铃薯出苗率和影响出苗天数,其中DD处理平均出苗天数较CK提前4.5 d,而DJ处理推迟3.5 d。马铃薯生育期生物量累积动态变化符合Logistic生长模型,以DJ处理生物量理论值和生长速率最大,快速生长持续期最长。通过主成分分析发现,除马铃薯生物量、单株薯数及亩株数等因素外,土壤水分对马铃薯生长的影响高于土壤温度,是限制马铃薯高产的重要因子。【结论】沟垄二元覆盖（DJ）能改善土壤水温状况,维持相对稳定的土壤水热环境,利于马铃薯生长和块茎产量的提高。     

气候变暖背景下河南省夏玉米花期高温灾害风险预估

为预估未来气候变暖背景下夏玉米花期高温灾害风险,根据河南省19个农业气象观测站夏玉米抽雄期常年观测资料和未来RCPs(representativeconcentrationpathways)气候变化情景数据,构建夏玉米花期高温风险评价指标,开展河南省夏玉米花期高温灾害时空特征及风险演变分析。其中RCPs气候情景数据包括基准气候条件(1951—2005年, RCP-rf)和未来(2006—2050年)RCP 4.5(中)、RCP 8.5(高)两种浓度路径数据。以抽雄普遍期及之后7d确定为夏玉米花期,并内插匹配气候情景格点数据。以花期最高气温≥32℃和≥35℃作为轻度和重度高温灾害发生阈值,根据轻、重度夏玉米花期高温发生频率和高温积害,建立风险评价指标并分级。结果表明, RCP-rf情景下全省夏玉米花期高温发生频率在20.5%～81.0%(≥32℃)和3.9%～51.9%(≥35℃)。与基准条件相比,≥32℃高温发生频率增加9.1%(RCP4.5)和11.0%(RCP8.5),≥35℃高温发生频率增加8.7%(RCP4.5)和8.3%(RCP8.5)。RCP-rf情景下全省夏玉米花期高温积害在48.5～200.9℃·d(≥32℃)和9.8～138.5℃·d(≥35℃)。与基准条件相比,≥32℃高温积害增加25.4℃·d (RCP 4.5)和25.6℃·d (RCP 8.5),≥35℃高温积害增加25.8℃·d (RCP 4.5)和31.4℃·d (RCP 8.5)。由综合风险分析可知, RCP-rf情景下夏玉米花期高温灾害高值风险区主要分布在新乡、郑州、许昌、漯河、周口及其以东以北的地区(商丘除外),约占夏玉米主栽区面积的30.1%;RCP4.5情景下高值风险区扩大至洛阳和南阳以东的大部分地区,约占夏玉米主栽区面积的63.4%; RCP 8.5情景下高值风险区面积进一步向西扩大,约占夏玉米主栽区面积的占76.3%。     

Biological filtration properties of selected herbs in an aquaponic system

This study was conducted to determine the biological filtration capabilities of some culinary herbs co‐cultured with lemon fin barb hybrid in a nutrient film technique (NFT) recirculating aquaponic system. Lemon fin barb hybrid (Hypsibarbus wetmorei ♂ × Barbonymus gonionotus ♀) fingerlings were stocked in twelve 2‐tonne fibreglass tanks at 25 fish per tank and co‐cultured with Chinese celery (Apium graveolens var. secalinum Alef.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum) and peppermint (Mentha × piperita) for seven weeks. The impacts of the waste generated by the fish on the water quality, the filtration capability of the herbs and the ability of fish and herbs to retain nutrients (NPK) were also estimated. All the herbs showed water purifying potentials to varying degrees as significantly lower levels of nitrogenous compounds (NH₃‐N, NO₃‐N, NO₂‐N) were observed after the herbal filtration. The plant growth seemed to be affected by their ability to absorb nutrients and consequently purify the culture medium. Interestingly, the lemon fin barb hybrid also showed significant differences in terms of weight gain, but the nutrient retention among fish treatments was not statistically different. The plants absorbed less phosphorus and potassium than the fish. After computing for the total system percentage of NPK recovered, nitrogen was the most retained nutrient. The peppermint showed superiority in terms of gross biomass and water purifying potential compared to the Chinese celery and coriander.     

硬质海岸防护设施的生态效应与对策

虽然滨海地区占地球陆地面积不足4%，但沿海生境是全球最有价值的自然资源之一。世界上超过三分之一的人口生活在距海岸线100 km的范围内。气候变化和人类活动使得全球海岸侵蚀和风暴潮威胁加重。海岸防护可以有效抵御海岸侵蚀、风暴风险和海平面上升。本文概述了全球主要沿海国家和地区（欧盟、美国、中国）海岸硬化情况以及海岸硬化带来的生态效应。欧洲海岸线硬化比例为10%（2006年），美国海岸的硬化比例为14%（2015年），而中国海岸线的硬化比例近60%（2014年）。海岸硬化会引起滨海湿地重要物理、化学和生物过程的改变，生境丧失和破碎化，以及生物连通性的改变。增加硬化设施的结构复杂性或由混合型海岸代替传统硬化海岸可以减轻海岸硬化对滨海湿地生态系统的威胁，但对硬质海岸和混合型海岸的生态服务功能以及抵御风暴能力的评估还比较缺乏，有待进一步研究。     

稻鸭共作中CH4和N2O排放规律及影响因素

稻鸭共作是目前稻田种养中的一种典型模式,其主要特点是利用鸭子在稻田内的活动,实现经济效益和生态效益的双赢。鸭子的存在丰富了生物多样性,充分利用了稻田生态位。鸭子的持续运动、觅食、排泄等活动会影响稻田温室气体甲烷(CH_4)和氧化亚氮(N_2O)的排放和全球增温潜势(GWP)。本文结合稻鸭共作中鸭子对稻田环境的扰动行为,从水体、土壤、CH_4和N_2O转化功能菌及种植技术等角度,总结探讨了稻鸭共作中温室气体CH_4和N_2O产生、输送和释放的过程与机理。针对当前稻鸭共作温室气体排放研究中存在的问题,提出了一系列建议和展望,以期为稻田种养温室气体减排的研究提供参考。     

Novel soil quality indicators for the evaluation of agricultural management practices: a biological perspective

Developments in soil biology and in methods to characterize soil organic carbon can potentially deliver novel soil quality indicators that can help identify management practices able to sustain soil productivity and environmental resilience. This work aimed at synthesizing results regarding the suitability of a range of soil biological and biochemical properties as novel soil quality indicators for agricultural management. The soil properties, selected through a published literature review, comprised different labile organic carbon fractions [hydrophilic dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC), hot water extractable carbon and particulate organic matter carbon], soil disease suppressiveness measured using a Pythium-Lepidium bioassay, nematode communities characterized by amplicon sequencing and qPCR, and microbial community level physiological profiling measured with MicroResp^TM. Prior studies tested the sensitivity of each of the novel indicators to tillage and organic matter addition in ten European long-term field experiments (LTEs) and assessed their relationships with pre-existing soil quality indicators of soil functioning. Here, the results of these previous studies are brought together and interpreted relative to each other and to the broader body of literature on soil quality assessment. Reduced tillage increased carbon availability, disease suppressiveness, nematode richness and diversity, the stability and maturity of the food web, and microbial activity and functional diversity. Organic matter addition played a weaker role in enhancing soil quality, possibly due to the range of composition of the organic matter inputs used in the LTEs. POXC was the indicator that discriminated best between soil management practices, followed by nematode indices based on functional characteristics. Structural equation modeling shows that POXC has a central role in nutrient retention/supply, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, erosion control and disease regulation/suppression. The novel indicators proposed here have great potential to improve existing soil quality assessment schemes. Their feasibility of application is discussed and needs for future research are outlined.